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The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere ((英語:Our Lady in Trastevere)) is a titular minor basilica in the Trastevere district of Rome, and one of the oldest churches of Rome. The basic floor plan and wall structure of the church date back to the 340s, and much of the structure to 1140-43. The first sanctuary was built in 221 and 227 by Pope Callixtus I and later completed by Pope Julius I. The church has large areas of important mosaics from the late 13th century by Pietro Cavallini.〔()〕〔(Churches in Rome ), hoteldesartistes.com; accessed 1 March 2014.〕 ==History== The inscription on the episcopal throne states that it is the first church dedicated to Mary, mother of Jesus, although some claim that privilege belongs to the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. In its founding it is certainly one of the oldest churches in the city. A Christian house-church was founded here about 220 by Pope Saint Callixtus I (217–222) on the site of the ''Taberna meritoria'', a refuge for retired soldiers. The area was given over for Christian use by the Emperor Alexander Severus when he settled a dispute between the Christians and tavern-keepers, saying, according to the ''Liber Pontificalis'' "I prefer that it should belong to those who honor God, whatever be their form of worship." In 340 Pope Julius I (337–352) rebuilt the ''titulus Callixti'' on a larger scale, and it became the ''titulus Iulii'' commemorating his patronage, one of the original twenty-five parishes in Rome; indeed it may be the first church in which Mass was celebrated openly. It underwent two restorations in the fifth and eighth centuries. In 1140-43 the church was re-erected on its old foundations under Pope Innocent II.〔Since the construction was already under way at the time of the submission of the Antipope Celestine II (1142), it cannot be interpreted as a thanksgiving offering〕 Innocent II razed the church to the ground, along with the recently completed tomb of the Antipope Anacletus II, his former rival. Innocent II arranged for his own burial on the spot formerly occupied by the tomb.〔Reardon, Wendy J. 2004. ''The Deaths of the Popes'', p. 92. Macfarland & Company, Inc.; ISBN 0-7864-1527-4〕 The richly carved Ionic capitals reused along its nave were taken either from the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla〔Dale Kinney, "Spolia from the Baths of Caracalla in Sta. Maria in Trastevere", ''The Art Bulletin'' 68. 3 (September 1986: 379–397).〕 or the nearby Temple of Isis on the Janiculum. When scholarship during the 19th century identified the faces in their carved decoration as Isis, Serapis and Harpocrates, a restoration under Pius IX in 1870 hammered off the offending faces.〔Rodolfo Lanciani noted that they had been "''martellati e distrutti''" (Lanciani, "L'Iseum et Serapeum del Regione IX", ''Bolletino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 11 (1883:35, corroborated in nineteenth-century German and English guidebooks before and shortly after the restoration, noted in Kinney 1986: 380, note 6.〕 The predecessor of the present church was probably built in the early fourth century although that church was the successor to one of the ''tituli'', those Early Christian basilicas that were ascribed to a patron and perhaps literally ''inscribed'' with his name. Although nothing remains to establish with certainty where any of the public Christian edifices of Rome before the time of Constantine the Great were situated, the basilica on this site was known as ''Titulus Callisti'', based upon a legend in the ''Liber Pontificalis'' which ascribed the earliest church here to a foundation by Pope Callixtus I (died 222), whose remains, translated to the new structure, are preserved under the altar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Santa Maria in Trastevere」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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